Types of groundwater
By laying and supply aquifer groundwater are divided as the following: bleak, with groundwater of free surface, non pressure, artesian (pressure).
Furthermore, according to movement in water-bearing layers underground water are divided as circulating in sandy layers and rock.
Aquifers always occur at waterproof layers or rocks.
Sole aquifer are called the rocks, spreading the aquifer and, in particular, their upper surface. Usually they are waterproof.
Bleak groundwater is located in shallow (2-3 m) above the waterproof with a small spread in the area. In places where waterproof layers end, there disappears bleak, flowing down to the layer that lies below mightier aquifer. Stocks bleak small and variable and depend on the number of drop-down rain. In the dry period and usually disappears in winter bleak. For water use is bleak, it is easily contaminated with earth. Therefore, when drilling for water thoroughly bleak isolate casing to prevent contamination of the aquifer below.
Water-free surface are on the near-lying aquifer of waterproof layer. They are containing their aquifers composed of grainy soles or rocks. Groundwater of this type can be fed by infiltration in depth for the whole distribution area of the aquifer. They can easily become dirty drain from cesspits, breeding farms, etc. Therefore at such use of groundwater for water supply it is worth to ensure safe and sanitary inspection and water intake protection areas.
Groundwater level is set in the hole on the depth at which they were exposed. If among a waterproof layer of water bearing layers are in the form of lenses, after driving them in the hole may have local, usually small pressure.
Underground water circulating in the water-bearing rocks and located between two layers of waterproof, they are free-flow or have a certain pressure. In the latter case they are called artesian.
Ground water which are between layers are non-connected with the ground water-permeable layers only on certain areas of its distribution, the rest of the area is well protected from contamination from the upper surface of the waterproof layer. At the opening of their water level in wells is installed or very slightly above the water bearing layer of waterproof roofs or at the upper limit of water intake and aquifer layer.
Artesian aquifers also lie between two layers of waterproof and they are protected from surface contamination. Unlike groundwater, they are often remote area power supply – a few kilometers and even hundreds of kilometers. At the opening of artesian well water level is always set far above the roof waterproof aquifer, sometimes artesian water is poured from the hole itself. In those areas where the artesian water supply received, they are of nature or of free-surface soil or groundwater interlayer.
Groundwater of all listed species may circulate in emptiness grainy soil or cracks in rock. In the latter case groundwater, relating to any of the listed species receive additional name of cracks.
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